Services & financeAnalysis 148

Best VPN Services

A VPN asks you to trust one company with everything your internet provider used to see. All ten services here promise not to log what you do; what separates them is how much of that promise has been checked by someone else, how long the cheap introductory price lasts and what happens when it ends.

We compared ten consumer VPNs sold to European buyers on their published specifications, their most recent independent audits, owner ratings on Trustpilot and the real cost of the longest standard plan, including the renewal price. Mullvad tops the ranking on a flat EUR 5 a month and the deepest public audit record; Surfshark, PIA and CyberGhost combine Big-Four no-logs reports with prices around EUR 2 a month.

This is desk research, not a speed test: we did not install or measure the services, and we say plainly where a provider does not publish something.

Methodology note

Desk research, October 2026. Sources are the providers' own pricing, audit, trust, privacy and transparency pages, the auditors' reports as summarised by the providers, Trustpilot pages for owner feedback and the EU's Your Europe portal for consumer law. We did not install, speed-test or leak-test any service.

Prices: most provider pages showed US dollars to our fetches (from a US exit). We converted USD to EUR at the ECB reference rate of 2 October 2026 (1 EUR = 1.1225 USD), rounded to two decimals; your local EUR price and VAT may differ. Mullvad and AirVPN publish EUR prices directly. Proton's VPN pricing page showed placeholder figures, so Proton's price is the Proton Unlimited bundle (EUR 9.99/month, 1-year) from Proton's support page, not VPN Plus. Surfshark's renewal price was not shown.

Known gaps: NordVPN's audit report sits behind a login; IVPN's July 2026 Cure53 result was not yet published; Windscribe and AirVPN state no third-party audit; AirVPN's about page would not load, so its jurisdiction and device limit are unconfirmed; Trustpilot pages for IVPN could not be opened. Some audit details (Mullvad, NordVPN, Surfshark, ExpressVPN) were recorded from provider pages opened in an earlier session of this same research.

Mullvad VPN — top-scoring product 8.1BPR score
Top pick Mullvad VPN

Key parameter

Most recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit

Every VPN claims to keep no logs; an independent audit is the only part of that claim an outsider can check. We record the auditor and date of the latest no-logs or infrastructure audit from each provider's own audit or trust page, note whether the report is public, and write "no audit published" where none is stated.

How we score ↗

Published:
Updated:
10products analysed
Desk research, October 2026scope of analysis
€0revenue from manufacturers
  1. Top score

    Mullvad VPN

    • Cure53 infrastructure audit, published 27 Jun 2024 (public); latest app audit Leviathan (Android), 1 Jun 2026 — published by MullvadMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €5per month
    Details

    The only service here with one flat euro price for every term — EUR 5 a month including VAT — and the longest public audit trail, covering servers, apps, payments and its new GotaTun code.

    • Most audited
    • Flat price
    • No email needed
    • Open source
    • Strengths
    • EUR 5/month incl. VAT on every term — no renewal jump
    • Five independent audits listed 2023–2026, all public
    • Sign-up without email; account number only
    • Open-source apps; Swedish company owned by its founders
    • Discloses its own vulnerabilities (three in 2026)
    • Weaknesses
    • Only 5 devices
    • 14-day refund window; cash payments not refundable
    • Trustpilot 3.4 from just 185 reviews
    • Android leak issues disclosed May and September 2026
  2. Best value

    Surfshark Starter

    • Deloitte no-logs assurance 2025; Cure53 infrastructure audit 2026 (public) — published by SurfsharkMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €2per month
    Details

    The cheapest Big-Four-audited service here at about EUR 2.22 a month on the 27-month Starter term, with unlimited devices and a Dutch legal entity inside the EU.

    • Best value
    • Unlimited devices
    • EU company
    • RAM-only
    • Strengths
    • About EUR 2.22/month on the 27-month term
    • Unlimited simultaneous devices
    • Deloitte 2023 and 2025 no-logs assurance; Cure53 2026
    • Dutch entity (Surfshark B.V.) inside the EU
    • Trustpilot 4.3 from 31,346 reviews
    • Weaknesses
    • Renewal price not shown on the pricing page
    • Prices shown in USD to our fetch; EUR is a conversion
    • Shares a holding company with Nord Security since 2022
    • Renewal increases are a recurring Trustpilot complaint
  3. PIA Private Internet Access

    • Deloitte Audit Romania, ISAE 3000, published 8 Dec 2025 (public, third Deloitte audit) — published by PIAMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €2per month
    Details

    The lowest effective monthly price in this ranking at about EUR 1.81 over 3 years plus 3 months, with a public Deloitte ISAE 3000 report, open-source apps and a quarterly transparency report.

    • Cheapest
    • Same-price renewal
    • Open source
    • Unlimited devices
    • Strengths
    • About EUR 1.81/month over 39 months
    • Renews at the same USD 79 per 3 years
    • Public Deloitte ISAE 3000 report (Dec 2025)
    • Open-source apps, RAM-only servers
    • Unlimited devices
    • Weaknesses
    • US company (Private Internet Access, Inc.)
    • Court cases cited without detail on the no-logs page
    • Monthly plan USD 11.95 (about EUR 10.65)
    • Support responses reported as slow on Trustpilot
  4. ExpressVPN Basic

    • KPMG no-logs assessment, June 2025 (public, third no-logs audit) — published by ExpressVPNMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €3per month
    Details

    The broadest audit list of the big brands, with a public KPMG no-logs assessment from June 2025 and an open-source Lightway core, but a renewal price of about EUR 89 a year after the first 28 months.

    • Best reviewed
    • Public no-logs audit
    • RAM-only
    • Post-quantum
    • Strengths
    • Public KPMG no-logs audit, June 2025
    • Cure53 product audits through May 2026
    • RAM-only TrustedServer (PwC 2019, Cure53 2022)
    • Open-source Lightway core with post-quantum option
    • Trustpilot 4.4 from 29,245 reviews
    • Weaknesses
    • Renews at USD 99.95/year (about EUR 89.04)
    • Tax added at checkout
    • Part of Kape Group; British Virgin Islands
    • Sites blocking VPN IPs is a common complaint
  5. CyberGhost VPN

    • Deloitte Audit Romania, ISAE 3000, published 24 Feb 2026 (public, third Deloitte audit) — published by CyberGhostMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €2per month
    Details

    The newest Big-Four no-logs report in this ranking — Deloitte Audit Romania, published February 2026 — at about EUR 1.95 a month, from a Romanian company inside the EU.

    • Longest refund
    • EU company
    • Recent audit
    • Budget pick
    • Strengths
    • About EUR 1.95/month over 26 months
    • Renews at USD 56.94/year, the same as the first term
    • Deloitte ISAE 3000 report published 24 Feb 2026
    • 45-day refund on long plans
    • Romanian company (EU)
    • Weaknesses
    • Only 7 devices
    • Monthly plan refund only 14 days
    • Protocol and server detail thinner than rivals
    • Prices shown in USD to our fetch; EUR is a conversion
  6. NordVPN Basic

    • Deloitte Audit Lithuania, ISAE 3000, fieldwork 18 Nov–20 Dec 2024 (report behind Nord Account login) — published by NordVPNMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €3per month
    Details

    The VPN that pioneered no-logs audits, now on its fifth Deloitte engagement, but the report sits behind an account login and the renewal price rises to about EUR 124 a year.

    • Long audit history
    • Most reviewed
    • 10 devices
    • Strengths
    • Six no-logs audits (PwC 2018, 2020; Deloitte)
    • ISAE 3000 assurance, Nov–Dec 2024
    • 10 devices, 30-day refund
    • Trustpilot 4.2 from 50,628 reviews
    • Weaknesses
    • Audit report behind Nord Account login
    • Renews at USD 139.08/year (about EUR 123.90)
    • Latest no-logs fieldwork is from late 2024
    • Billing complaints on Trustpilot
    • VAT may be added on top
  7. Proton VPN

    • Securitum no-logs audit, 5th annual, 2026 (public; page updated 16 Jun 2026) — published by ProtonMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €10per month
    Details

    The strongest governance story here — a Swiss company majority-owned by a non-profit foundation, five annual public no-logs audits and fully open-source apps — but Proton's VPN-only prices would not load, so the price shown is the Proton Unlimited bundle.

    • Most transparent
    • Open source
    • Swiss
    • Free tier
    • Strengths
    • Five annual public Securitum no-logs audits (2022–2026)
    • All apps open source and independently audited
    • Swiss company majority-owned by a non-profit foundation
    • 458 legal orders since 2017, none produced identifying data
    • 10 devices; free tier available
    • Weaknesses
    • VPN Plus price could not be verified; bundle price used
    • Trustpilot 2.2 from 984 reviews
    • Complaints about speed and cancellation
    • Switzerland is outside the EU
  8. Windscribe VPN

    • No audit published (none listed on the pages we opened)Most recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €5per month
    Details

    The best-rated service on Trustpilot here (4.7 from 13,325 reviews) with open-source apps, unlimited devices and a flexible Build-a-Plan, but no independent audit on the pages we opened.

    • Best owner rating
    • Flexible plans
    • Open source
    • No audit
    • Strengths
    • Trustpilot 4.7 from 13,325 reviews
    • Unlimited devices
    • Open-source apps
    • Five protocols incl. Stealth and WStunnel
    • Build-a-Plan from USD 3
    • Weaknesses
    • No independent audit published
    • Keeps 30-day usage counters (bytes, last activity)
    • Jurisdiction not stated on pages opened
    • Transparency page gives no request totals
  9. IVPN Standard

    • 8th annual Cure53 audit scheduled for July 2026, result not yet seen; 7th (May 2025) covered email forwarding and DNS — published by IVPNMost recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €4per month
    Details

    A privacy-first service from Gibraltar that needs no email to sign up and audits annually with Cure53, but its 2026 audit result was not yet published and we could not open an owner-review page.

    • Privacy first
    • No email
    • Annual audits
    • Strengths
    • No email required to sign up
    • Gibraltar company with a short, specific privacy policy
    • Annual Cure53 audit programme (8th round in 2026)
    • 30-day refund
    • Open incident disclosure (Aug 2026)
    • Weaknesses
    • 2026 audit result not yet published
    • Latest completed audit (2025) did not cover the VPN
    • Only 5 devices on Standard
    • No owner-review page could be opened

    6.9 / 10acceptable

  10. AirVPN VPN

    • No audit published (no third-party audit stated by AirVPN)Most recent independent no-logs or infrastructure audit
    • €3per month
    Details

    A technical service priced in euros — EUR 99 for three years, about EUR 2.75 a month — with post-quantum WireGuard, but no third-party audit and a small, split review base.

    • Euro pricing
    • For experts
    • No audit
    • Strengths
    • Priced in EUR: 99 for 3 years (about 2.75/month)
    • WireGuard with post-quantum pre-shared key
    • No currency conversion needed
    • Aimed at advanced users (port forwarding praised)
    • Weaknesses
    • No third-party audit stated
    • Italian residents not accepted
    • Operator and jurisdiction not confirmed (about page blocked)
    • Trustpilot 3.8 from only 66 reviews
    • Speed complaints in reviews

    6.6 / 10acceptable

excellent9.0 – 10benchmark in its category
good8.0 – 8.9minor trade-offs, a safe choice
fair7.0 – 7.9competent, but behind the leaders
acceptable6.0 – 6.9clear weakness in one area
poorbelow 6.0not published in the ranking

Scores comparable only within this categorySignificance threshold: ±0.15 pt

8.1 Our verdict

If you want the most verifiable privacy for your money, Mullvad is the clearest choice: EUR 5 a month including VAT on any term, no email at sign-up, a Swedish company and five independent audits between 2023 and 2026, all public. Its weaknesses are a 14-day refund window, a 5-device limit and a small, mixed review base.

For the lowest long-term cost with real evidence, PIA (about EUR 1.81 a month, renewing at the same USD 79 per three years) and CyberGhost (about EUR 1.95, Deloitte report from February 2026, EU company) stand out, with Surfshark (about EUR 2.22, unlimited devices, Dutch entity) close behind. ExpressVPN has the best-reviewed mainstream app but renews at about EUR 89 a year; NordVPN's long audit history is weakened by a login-gated report and a EUR 124 renewal. Proton has the best governance and transparency but poor owner ratings and a price we could not verify. Windscribe and AirVPN are well liked by their users but publish no independent audit. Whatever you choose, note the renewal price before you pay.

Audits decoded

What a no-logs audit does and does not prove

Every provider in this ranking says it keeps no logs. That sentence costs nothing to write, which is why we ranked on the one thing that does cost money: an independent audit, its auditor, its date and whether you can read the report. Two very different kinds of document hide behind the word "audit".

An assurance engagement such as Deloitte's or KPMG's work for NordVPN, PIA, CyberGhost, Surfshark and ExpressVPN checks whether the company's systems and procedures match its stated no-logs policy over a defined period. PIA's and CyberGhost's 2025–2026 reports name the standard, ISAE 3000 (Revised), and list scope such as server configuration, change management and incident response. A security audit or penetration test, such as Cure53's work for Mullvad, Surfshark, ExpressVPN and IVPN, looks for vulnerabilities in servers, apps or code. Both are useful; neither proves that nothing will ever be logged in future.

ServiceLatest no-logs or infrastructure auditPublic?
MullvadCure53 infrastructure, 27 Jun 2024 (plus app/code audits to Jun 2026)Yes
ProtonSecuritum, 5th annual, 2026Yes
CyberGhostDeloitte Audit Romania, ISAE 3000, 24 Feb 2026Yes
PIADeloitte Audit Romania, ISAE 3000, 8 Dec 2025Yes
SurfsharkDeloitte 2025; Cure53 infrastructure 2026Yes
ExpressVPNKPMG, June 2025Yes
NordVPNDeloitte Audit Lithuania, Nov–Dec 2024Login only
IVPNCure53 July 2026 (result not seen)—
Windscribe, AirVPNNone published—

Three things matter when you read the table. Date: a 2024 report describes 2024 systems. Access: NordVPN's report requires a Nord Account login, so outsiders cannot check its scope. Scope: IVPN's 2025 Cure53 audit covered its email forwarding and DNS services, not the VPN, and ExpressVPN's 2026 Cure53 audits cover other products, while its no-logs audit dates from June 2025. Transparency reports — Proton's 458 Swiss orders since 2017, PIA's 19 requests in Q2 2026, ExpressVPN's 137 government requests in H1 2026, all with no identifying data disclosed — are useful supporting evidence, but they are self-reported.

EU consumer law

Auto-renewal, the 14-day right and unfair terms

A VPN subscription bought online from an EU consumer is a distance contract for a service, and EU rules give you some protection — but less than many people assume.

The 14-day right of withdrawal. The EU's Your Europe portal states that for services the cancellation period is 14 days after the day the contract was agreed. It also explains the exception: fully delivered services, or digital content you started streaming or downloading, are excluded if you expressly agreed to start immediately and acknowledged you would lose the right. VPN checkouts commonly include such a consent box, so in practice the provider's own money-back guarantee — 30 days for most here, 45 days for CyberGhost's longer plans, 14 days for Mullvad and for CyberGhost's monthly plan — is what you rely on.

Automatic renewal. Your Europe's page on unfair contract terms lists, among terms that may be unfair, automatic extensions where the deadline for cancelling is unreasonably early, unilateral price increases without the option to leave, and terms you could not easily see before signing. Terms must be in plain, understandable language and ambiguities are read in the consumer's favour. Unfair terms are not binding on you; your national consumer association or the European Consumer Centres Network can help with disputes.

ServiceLongest termFirst term billedStated renewal
MullvadanyEUR 5/monthEUR 5/month
PIA39 monthsUSD 79USD 79 per 3 years
CyberGhost26 monthsUSD 56.94USD 56.94/year
Surfshark27 monthsUSD 67.23not shown
ExpressVPN28 monthsUSD 83.72USD 99.95/year
NordVPN27 monthsUSD 94.23USD 139.08/year
AirVPN3 yearsEUR 99not stated

What this means for buying a VPN: write down the renewal price before paying, turn off automatic renewal in your account if you are unsure, and keep the checkout confirmation. Renewal complaints appear on Trustpilot for NordVPN and Surfshark in particular.

Prices decoded

Why the headline monthly price is not what you pay

The big numbers in VPN advertising — "from 2 a month" — are effective monthly prices of a long first term paid in one lump sum. To make the services comparable, our price is the effective monthly cost of the cheapest standard plan on its longest term, and the product tables show the total billed and the renewal price next to it.

Currency. Most provider pages showed US dollars to our fetches. We converted those prices to euros at the ECB reference rate of 2 October 2026 (1 EUR = 1.1225 USD) and rounded to two decimals. Your local EUR price, and VAT, may differ: NordVPN says VAT may apply and ExpressVPN adds tax at checkout. Only Mullvad (EUR 5 a month including VAT) and AirVPN (EUR 99 for three years) published euro prices to us directly; Proton's EUR prices came from its support page.

Odd terms. First terms of 26, 27, 28 or 39 months are standard practice: a two- or three-year plan plus bonus months. That makes the monthly rate look lower and moves the renewal date further out. On renewal, several services charge the yearly rate rather than repeating the long introductory deal: ExpressVPN USD 99.95 a year, NordVPN USD 139.08 a year. PIA (USD 79 per three years) and CyberGhost (USD 56.94 a year) state renewals equal to the first payment. Surfshark's pricing page did not show its renewal figure.

The Proton exception. Proton's VPN pricing page loaded with placeholder prices, so we used Proton Unlimited (EUR 9.99 a month on a 1-year term) from its support page. That bundle includes more than the VPN, so Proton's cost score is conservative.

Over three years, the difference between a stable renewal and a jumping one can be larger than the difference between the introductory prices.

Who you are trusting

Ownership and jurisdiction

A VPN moves your trust from your internet provider to the VPN company, so it matters who that company is and which law applies to it. The table summarises what the official pages we opened state.

ServiceCompany / ownerLocation
MullvadMullvad VPN AB, owned by foundersSweden (EU)
SurfsharkSurfshark B.V.; holding shared with Nord Security since 2022Netherlands (EU)
CyberGhostCyberGhostRomania (EU)
NordVPNNord Security (HQ Lithuania)Panama jurisdiction
ProtonProton AG; Proton Foundation main shareholderSwitzerland
IVPNIVPN LimitedGibraltar
ExpressVPNKape GroupBritish Virgin Islands
PIAPrivate Internet Access, Inc.USA
Windscribe, AirVPNnot confirmed on pages opened—

Three points stand out for European buyers. First, three services contract through companies inside the EU — Mullvad in Sweden, Surfshark in the Netherlands and CyberGhost in Romania — so EU consumer law and GDPR apply directly, and complaints go to a regulator you can reach. Second, consolidation is real: Surfshark and Nord Security merged under one holding in 2022, and ExpressVPN is part of Kape Group, so some brands that look like competitors are not fully independent. We still list them separately because each runs its own infrastructure, policies and audits. Third, "jurisdiction" marketing — Panama, the British Virgin Islands, "outside the 14 Eyes" — says little on its own. What protects you is that there is nothing to hand over, which is exactly what audits and transparency reports try to show.

Proton's structure is the most unusual: Proton AG's primary shareholder is the non-profit Proton Foundation, which Proton says protects against takeover. Mullvad is 100% owned by its two founders. For Windscribe the pages we opened name only Windscribe Limited, and AirVPN's about page would not load, so we could not confirm their jurisdictions.

Marketing decoded

What the claims mean and what is not published

"No-logs". A policy, not a property. Look for what is kept anyway: Windscribe, unusually, states that it keeps total bytes transferred, last-activity timestamp and number of parallel connections for 30 days; IVPN lists account ID, creation date, product, device limit and payment records. A specific list is more useful than a vague promise.

"RAM-only servers". Claimed by Surfshark, PIA and ExpressVPN (TrustedServer). It means data is wiped on reboot, which limits what a seized server reveals; it does not stop logging in memory while running, which is why it is paired with audits.

"Military-grade encryption" and AES-256. Every serious service uses strong encryption via WireGuard, OpenVPN or its own protocol. It is not a differentiator. Post-quantum options — ExpressVPN's Lightway, AirVPN's pre-shared key for WireGuard — are forward-looking but not yet a reason to choose alone.

Server counts. Proton states 20,000+ servers in 140+ countries. Counts are not comparable between providers and say nothing about speed or privacy.

Open source. Mullvad, Proton, PIA and Windscribe say their apps are open source; ExpressVPN has open-sourced the Lightway core. Open code lets outsiders check what the app does; it does not show what the servers do.

What is not published. No provider here publishes independently measured speeds, so we did not score speed. Surfshark's renewal price was missing from its pricing page, Proton's VPN Plus price would not load, AirVPN's device limit and jurisdiction were not confirmed, and IVPN's 2026 audit result was not yet out. Windscribe and AirVPN publish no third-party audit at all. Self-disclosed vulnerabilities, like Mullvad's three in 2026 or IVPN's payment-server incident, are a sign of openness rather than a reason to rank lower.

Methodology

How this score is built

The score is the mean of four component scores — each carries equal weight and each rests on a named source. The full procedure is described in the methodology.

  1. 01Composition and specification

    Declared composition and specification: active ingredients and their concentrations, energy classes, standards, technical parameters — and what the manufacturer leaves unsaid.

  2. 02Evidence and studies

    Verification of the manufacturer's claims against outside sources: laboratory reports, industry testing, safety data sheets, certificates and regulatory decisions.

  3. 03Owner feedback

    Analysis of verified reviews written after extended use, together with recurring fault reports for the model or series.

  4. 04Cost and value

    Price set against what the product actually delivers, plus costs incurred later — consumables, energy, servicing, subscriptions — over the lifespan typical for the category.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

Which VPN is best for EU customers in 2026?

On our scores, Mullvad: a flat EUR 5 a month including VAT, a Swedish company and the longest public audit record. Surfshark and CyberGhost are the cheapest audited options with EU-based companies.

What is a no-logs audit?

An independent check, usually by an accounting firm (Deloitte, KPMG) or a security firm (Cure53, Securitum), of whether a provider's systems match its stated no-logs policy at a given time. Check the date, the scope and whether the report is public.

Can I cancel a VPN within 14 days under EU law?

The EU 14-day right for services can be lost if you expressly agreed to start the service immediately. In practice, rely on the provider's money-back guarantee: 30 days at most services here, 45 at CyberGhost on long plans, 14 at Mullvad.

Are automatic renewals legal in the EU?

Yes, but Your Europe lists automatic extensions with unreasonably early cancellation deadlines and price increases without a way out among potentially unfair terms, which are not binding on consumers. Note the renewal price before you pay.

Why are prices converted from US dollars?

Most provider pages showed USD to our fetches. We converted at the ECB reference rate of 2 October 2026 (1 EUR = 1.1225 USD). Your local EUR price and VAT may differ.

Is a free VPN good enough?

Proton offers a free tier for one device. We ranked paid plans only, because free tiers are limited and not all providers in this list offer one.

Does a VPN make me anonymous?

No. It hides your traffic from your internet provider and your IP address from websites, but the VPN company can see your connection, and accounts, payments and browser fingerprints can still identify you.

Which services are based inside the EU?

Of the companies we could confirm: Mullvad (Sweden), Surfshark (Netherlands) and CyberGhost (Romania).

Sources

Documents and standards

  1. 1. Mullvad — Pricing — https://mullvad.net/en/pricing
  2. 2. Mullvad — Audits archive — https://mullvad.net/en/blog/tag/audits
  3. 3. Mullvad — About — https://mullvad.net/en/about
  4. 4. Proton VPN — Pricing — https://protonvpn.com/pricing
  5. 5. Proton — Plans and prices (support) — https://proton.me/support/proton-plans
  6. 6. Proton VPN — No-logs audit — https://protonvpn.com/blog/no-logs-audit
  7. 7. Proton VPN — Transparency report — https://protonvpn.com/blog/transparency-report
  8. 8. Proton VPN — Open-source apps and audits — https://protonvpn.com/blog/open-source
  9. 9. NordVPN — Pricing — https://nordvpn.com/pricing/
  10. 10. NordVPN — No-logs audit 2024 — https://nordvpn.com/blog/nordvpn-no-logs-audit-2024
  11. 11. Surfshark — Trust Center — https://surfshark.com/trust-center
  12. 12. Surfshark — About us — https://surfshark.com/about-us
  13. 13. ExpressVPN — Trust Center — https://www.expressvpn.com/trust
  14. 14. IVPN — Annual security audit scheduled 2026 — https://www.ivpn.net/blog/annual-security-audit-scheduled-2026/
  15. 15. IVPN — Privacy policy — https://www.ivpn.net/en/privacy/
  16. 16. PIA — Third Deloitte audit (2025) — https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/blog/security-audit-2025/
  17. 17. PIA — Transparency report — https://www.privateinternetaccess.com/transparency-report
  18. 18. CyberGhost — Privacy audit 2025 — https://www.cyberghostvpn.com/privacyhub/privacy-audit-2025/
  19. 19. Windscribe — Privacy policy — https://windscribe.com/privacy
  20. 20. AirVPN — Plans — https://airvpn.org/plans/
  21. 21. Your Europe (European Union) — Cancelling or returning purchases — https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/consumers/shopping/returns/index_en.htm
  22. 22. Your Europe (European Union) — Unfair contract terms — https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/consumers/unfair-treatment/unfair-contract-terms/index_en.htm
  23. 23. European Central Bank — EUR/USD reference rate — https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html
  24. 24. Trustpilot — NordVPN reviews — https://www.trustpilot.com/review/nordvpn.com
  25. 25. Trustpilot — Proton VPN reviews — https://www.trustpilot.com/review/protonvpn.com

Principles

The manufacturer makes claims.
We check what the evidence says.

Every ranking follows the same protocol: an analysis of composition and specification, verification of claims against available studies, a review of verified owner feedback, and an assessment of price against what the product delivers.

No sponsored content · no paid placements